The science of tickling has been shrouded in mystery for over 2000 years, leaving even the great philosophers Socrates and Charles Darwin baffled. Despite its ubiquity in human interaction, from playful teasing between parents and children to social bonding and emotional expression, the intricacies of tickling remain poorly understood. Neuroscientist Konstantina Kilteni argues that it’s time to take tickle research seriously, shedding light on the complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects involved.

One of the most intriguing questions surrounding tickling is why we can’t tickle ourselves. Our brain appears to distinguish between self-induced and external stimuli, effectively “switching off” the tickling reflex when we know exactly where and when we’ll be tickled. This phenomenon has sparked interest in understanding what happens in our brain when we’re subjected to ticklish sensations.

Research suggests that people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) perceive touches as more ticklish than those without ASD, offering a unique window into differences in brain development and function between individuals with and without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide valuable insights into the neurobiology of ASD and potentially inform strategies for better understanding and supporting individuals on the autism spectrum.

From an evolutionary perspective, the purpose and significance of tickling remain unclear. Kilteni notes that even apes like bonobos and gorillas exhibit responses to ticklish touches, while rats have been observed displaying similar behaviors. These observations raise questions about the role of tickling in human evolution and development, as well as its potential functions in social bonding and emotional expression.

To tackle these questions, Kilteni has established a specialized lab dedicated to studying tickling, where researchers can control and replicate various types of ticklish stimuli using mechanical devices like the “tickling chair.” By meticulously recording brain activity and physical reactions such as heart rate, sweating, breathing, laughter, and screaming responses, scientists hope to unlock the secrets of tickling and shed light on its significance in human biology and behavior.

As research continues to unravel the mysteries of tickling, it’s clear that this seemingly simple phenomenon holds a wealth of complexity and intrigue. By taking tickle research seriously, scientists like Kilteni aim to reveal new insights into human brain development, social bonding, emotional expression, and even the intricacies of ASD. The journey ahead promises to be fascinating, as we continue to explore the elusive science of tickling.

Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting approximately 1 in 5,000 people, primarily known for its cardiovascular complications. However, new research by the Institut de Neurociències of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (INc-UAB) reveals that this condition also poses a significant risk to brain health.

Published in Redox Biology, the study shows that Marfan syndrome heightens the brain’s vulnerability to damage caused by reduced oxygen supply, such as heart attacks or severe hemorrhages. The research also highlights an increased risk of subsequent neurological disorders.

Using a mouse model of the disease, the research team led by Professor Francesc Jiménez-Altayó discovered that Marfan syndrome increases the risk of brain injury in both young and aged individuals. The study analyzed gene activity, evaluated biomarkers of inflammation and tissue health, and assessed the structure and function of cerebral blood vessels.

The results revealed marked changes in gene expression, particularly in young males and aged females, involving proteins related to inflammation and tissue repair. The study also uncovered disruptions in the signaling of a key regulatory protein – TGF-β (transforming growth factor beta) – as well as alterations in extracellular matrix turnover and blood vessel integrity.

“These mechanisms may help explain why individuals with Marfan syndrome face a higher risk of developing neurological problems, even in the absence of overt cardiovascular events,” says Gemma Manich, lead author of the paper.

The findings underscore the need for increased awareness of potential neurological risks in people living with Marfan syndrome. At the same time, they point to possible targets for personalized treatment approaches based on age and sex.

This research has significant implications for the management and treatment of Marfan patients, emphasizing the importance of recognizing and managing neurological risks to prevent complications and improve treatment outcomes.

The stereotype that autistic people struggle to connect with others has been debunked by a recent study, which found no significant difference in the effectiveness of how autistic and non-autistic people communicate.

Researchers from the University of Edinburgh tested 311 participants in groups where everyone was autistic, everyone was non-autistic, or a combination of both. The task involved passing on information through a chain, with each person having to remember and repeat the story heard from the researcher. The findings showed that there were no differences between the groups.

The study also explored how much participants enjoyed interacting with others, based on their perceived friendliness, ease, and awkwardness. The results revealed that non-autistic people preferred interacting with others like themselves, while autistic individuals preferred learning from fellow autistic individuals. This difference is likely due to the distinct ways that autistic and non-autistic people communicate.

The study’s lead researcher, Dr Catherine Crompton, emphasized that autism has often been associated with social impairments, both colloquially and in clinical criteria. However, this research shows that despite autistic and non-autistic people communicating differently, it is just as successful.

The findings of this study are expected to increase understanding of autistic communication styles as a difference, rather than a deficiency. As Dr Crompton noted, “This new research could lead the way to bridging the communication gap and creating more inclusive spaces for all.”

By recognizing that autistic people’s communication styles are not a deficiency, but rather a natural aspect of their neurodivergence, we can work towards reducing stigma and promoting acceptance in our communities.