The world is on the cusp of a revolution in hydrogen fuel production. Researchers at Tohoku University have made a groundbreaking discovery that could finally bridge the gap between laboratory experiments and large-scale commercial production. The breakthrough involves a surface reconstruction strategy that utilizes non-noble metal-based cathodes to accelerate the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).

The HER is a crucial process for creating clean hydrogen fuel, which has the potential to alleviate our climate change crisis. However, scaling up this reaction from lab to factory has been a daunting challenge due to its inefficiency and slowness. The researchers’ findings, published in Advanced Energy Materials on April 3, 2025, offer a promising solution.

By examining transition metal phosphides (TMPs), the research team discovered that adding fluorine (F) to the CoP lattice allows for P-vacancy sites to form on the surface. This leads to an increase in active sites, which speed up the HER reaction. The resulting F modified CoP cathode demonstrated exceptional performance, maintaining approximately 76 W for over 300 hours.

“This is a significant advancement in HER catalyst research,” says Heng Liu from the Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR). “Our calculated cost of using this method is just $2.17 per kgH2-1 – mere cents over the current production target set for 2026.”

The researchers’ experiment extended beyond lab-scale testing, applying their findings to commercial-scale PEM electrolyzers. This breakthrough has far-reaching implications for the rational design of non-noble metal-based cathodes.

“We’re always thinking about the end goal, which is for research to make its way into everyday life,” says Liu. “This advancement brings us one step closer to designing more realistic options for commercial PEM application.”

The less intensively you manage the soil, the better it can function. This is the conclusion from a research team led by the Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW). The surprising finding applies to both conventional and organic farming. These important insights for making agriculture more sustainable were published in the scientific journal Science today.

One of the biggest challenges facing agriculture is producing enough food without compromising the soil. Healthy soil has many functions, known as multifunctionality, which must be preserved for sustainable agriculture. A multifunctional soil is essential for sustainable food production, as plants get their nutrients from it. Soil also plays indispensable roles in water storage, climate change mitigation, and disease suppression.

Research on farms across the Netherlands shows that the intensity of tillage determines whether the soil can retain all its functions. Interestingly, the difference between conventional and organic farming has less influence. In both types of agricultural systems, a lot of variation is found in soil tillage and management.

The good news is that conventional agriculture, which makes up most of farms, has a lot to gain from adopting less intensive practices. On all farms, including organic ones, it’s essential not to cultivate the soil too intensively. For example, ploughing less often can be beneficial. Inverting the soil during ploughing is a significant disruption for soil life.

Not only should farmers plough less frequently, but they should also make more use of mixtures of grasses and plants from the bean family, such as clovers. These can be alternated with growing cereals like wheat, barley, spelt, or rye. The research team took samples and carried out measurements at over 50 Dutch agricultural farms on both clay and sandy soils.

The organic carbon present in the soil proved to be the best predictor of soil multifunctionality, and for biological indicators, this was bacterial biomass. The researchers saw the same picture in both soil types – a wide array of soil properties was measured, and farmers shared their farming practices.

A popular term, sustainable intensification, is contradictory to these results. More intensive soil management leads to reduced soil functions and is thus less sustainable. Therefore, the researchers propose a new goal: productive de-intensification. If successful, this will result in more functions from a less intensively cultivated soil while retaining crop yields as much as possible.

These findings are the final result of the Vital Soils project, subsidised by NWO Groen and coordinated by NIOO and Wageningen University & Research. The researchers propose adopting productive de-intensification to make agriculture more sustainable while maintaining or even increasing crop yields.

The slow rise in global temperatures contributes to climate apathy among people who don’t experience regular climate-driven disasters. However, researchers have found a way to communicate the true impact of climate change more effectively. By showing binary data, such as whether a lake froze or not each winter, instead of continuous temperature increases, people are more likely to perceive a significant climate impact and care about it.

Rachit Dubey, an incoming UCLA communications professor and cognitive psychologist, led the study that used binary data for real towns around the world. Participants who learned about a range of temperatures responded lower than those who learned whether the lake froze – on average, 6.6 compared to 7.5, or 12% higher.

The researchers hope their findings will help climate communicators and policymakers present climate change in a more compelling way, focusing on concrete, either-or terms, such as the loss of ice hockey due to warmer winters or the disappearance of swimming holes due to droughts. By highlighting these changes, they aim to overcome public apathy and encourage people to care about the climate crisis.

By focusing on the increasing rate of once-rare events, like extreme heat days or thousand-year floods, or the slow loss of seasonal joys like skiing or outdoor ice skating, communities can become more engaged in addressing the climate crisis. The study’s results also emphasize the importance of using binary data to present gradual changes, making them more relatable and impactful.

The researchers’ findings have implications for anyone working in climate communication, from journalists and policymakers to visual representation experts. By presenting climate change in a way that is easy to understand and emotionally resonates with people, we can work together to mitigate its effects and create a more sustainable future.