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Uncovering a Massive Earthquake Threat: The Hidden Tintina Fault in Yukon Territory

A significant and previously unrecognized source of seismic hazard for the Yukon Territory has been illuminated by new research led by the University of Victoria (UVic). The study, which used high-resolution topographic data from satellites, airplanes, and drones, has identified a 130-km-long segment of the Tintina fault near Dawson City where evidence of numerous large earthquakes in the recent geological past indicates possible future earthquakes.

The Tintina fault is a major geologic fault approximately 1,000 km long that trends northwestward across the entire territory. It was previously believed to have been inactive for at least 40 million years, but this new research has revealed that it has slipped laterally a total of 450 km in its lifetime.

“We overcame past doubts by re-examining the fault using high-resolution data,” says Theron Finley, recent UVic PhD graduate and lead author of the study. “Our findings confirm that the Tintina fault has slipped in multiple earthquakes throughout the Quaternary period, likely slipping several meters in each event.”

The researchers used topographic data from the ArcticDEM dataset and lidar surveys to identify a series of fault scarps passing within 20 km of Dawson City. They observed that glacial landforms 2.6 million years old are laterally offset across the fault scarp by 1000 m, while others 132,000 years old are laterally offset by 75 m.

These findings indicate that the Tintina fault poses a future earthquake threat and could exceed magnitude 7.5. The researchers note that an earthquake of this size would cause severe shaking in Dawson City and pose a threat to nearby highways and mining infrastructure.

The region is also prone to landslides, which could be seismically triggered. The findings will ultimately be integrated into Canada’s National Seismic Hazard Model (NSHM), which informs seismic building codes and other engineering standards that protect human lives and critical infrastructure.

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In a groundbreaking discovery, geophysicists Jesse Kearse and Yoshihiro Kaneko at Kyoto University have confirmed the first direct visual evidence of curved fault slip during an earthquake. The remarkable footage was captured by a CCTV security camera along the Sagaing Fault in Myanmar, which ruptured in a magnitude 7.7 earthquake on March 28.

The video, which has sent chills down the spine of many scientists and casual observers, shows the dramatic moment when the fault slips, causing rocks to move past each other at an astonishing rate. What’s even more exciting is that the researchers have analyzed the footage to quantify the movement, frame by frame, and extracted objective quantitative information.

By tracking the movement of objects in the video using pixel cross correlation, the team measured the rate and direction of fault motion during the earthquake. The results show that the fault slipped 2.5 meters for roughly 1.3 seconds at a peak velocity of about 3.2 meters per second, confirming previous inferences made from seismic waveforms of other earthquakes.

The researchers found that most of the fault motion is strike-slip, with a brief dip-slip component. The slip curves rapidly at first, as it accelerates to top velocity, then remains linear as the slip slows down. This pattern fits with what earthquake scientists had previously proposed about slip curvature, which might occur due to stresses on the fault near the ground surface being relatively low.

The dynamic stresses of the earthquake as it approaches and begins to rupture the fault near the ground surface induce an obliquity to the fault movement, pushing it off its intended course initially. However, it catches itself and does what it’s supposed to do after that. The researchers previously concluded that the type of slip curvature is dependent on the direction that the rupture travels, and is consistent with the north-to-south rupture of the Myanmar earthquake.

This groundbreaking discovery can help researchers create better dynamic models of how faults rupture, which can be useful for understanding future seismic risks. The video confirmation of curved fault slip also opens up new avenues for studying past earthquakes, allowing scientists to better understand the dynamics of these events and make more accurate predictions about future seismic activity.

The discovery of widespread parasite extinctions in ancient bird droppings has revealed a hidden crisis affecting endangered species everywhere. Researchers from the University of Adelaide, Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, and the University of Auckland have made this groundbreaking find by analyzing faeces dating back over 1500 years.

Their study, published in Current Biology, shows that more than 80% of parasites detected in kākāpō poo prior to the 1990s are no longer present in contemporary populations. Nine out of 16 original parasite taxa disappeared before the 1990s, when the endangered parrot came under full-population management. An additional four were recorded as lost in the period since.

According to Dr. Jamie Wood from the University of Adelaide, “parasites are increasingly appreciated for their ecological importance.” They play a crucial role in ecosystems, helping with immune system development and competing to exclude foreign parasites that may be more harmful to their hosts. However, their dependence on living hosts makes them susceptible to extinction.

The phenomenon of coextinction, where a parasite goes extinct alongside its host, often occurs at a faster rate than for the host animal itself. Predictive models indicate that parasites may go extinct before their hosts during this process as opportunities to transmit between host individuals diminish. This has significant implications for faunal declines and parasite communities.

Lead author Alexander Boast from Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research was surprised by the degree of parasite loss in kākāpō populations, stating that “the level of parasite loss was greater than we had expected.” The study suggests that endangered species everywhere may possess fractions of their original parasite communities.

As we reckon with the impacts of biodiversity loss, Dr. Wood emphasizes the need to give due attention to parasitic life. Global rates of climate change, ecosystem modification, and biodiversity decline continue to rise, making it increasingly urgent to recognize and understand the downstream impacts on dependent species like parasites, mutualists, or predators.

Documenting parasite extinction, how quickly it can unfold, and estimating the number of presently threatened parasites are key first steps toward a “global parasite conservation plan” and supporting informed predictions for past, present, and future parasite losses.