The discovery of Medium Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (MCCPs) in the Western Hemisphere’s atmosphere has sent shockwaves through the scientific community. Researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder stumbled upon this finding while conducting a field campaign in an agricultural region of Oklahoma, using a high-tech instrument to measure aerosol particles and their growth in the atmosphere.

“We’re starting to learn more about this toxic, organic pollutant that we know is out there, and which we need to understand better,” said Daniel Katz, CU Boulder chemistry PhD student and lead author of the study. MCCPs are currently under consideration for regulation by the Stockholm Convention, a global treaty to protect human health from long-standing and widespread chemicals.

While SCCPs, their “little cousins,” have been regulated since 2009 in the United States, researchers hypothesize that this may have led to an increase in MCCP levels in the environment. This discovery highlights the unintended consequences of regulation, where one chemical is replaced by another with similar properties.

Using a nitrate chemical ionization mass spectrometer, the team measured air at the agricultural site 24 hours a day for one month. They cataloged the data and identified distinct isotopic patterns in the compounds. The chlorinated paraffins found in MCCPs showed new patterns that were different from known chemical compounds.

The makeup of MCCPs is similar to PFAS, or “forever chemicals,” which have been shown to break down slowly over time and are toxic to human health. Now that researchers know how to measure MCCPs, the next step might be to study their environmental impacts and seasonal changes in levels.

“We identified them, but we still don’t know exactly what they do when they are in the atmosphere, and they need to be investigated further,” Katz said. “I think it’s essential that we continue to have governmental agencies capable of evaluating the science and regulating these chemicals as necessary for public health and safety.”

The persistent presence of nitrates in the atmosphere has long been a concern for environmental scientists. Despite efforts to reduce emissions over the past few decades, nitrate levels remain stubbornly high. A recent study published in Nature Communications sheds light on this enigma, revealing that chemical processes within the atmosphere are responsible for the persistence of these pollutants.

The research team led by Hokkaido University’s Professor Yoshinori Iizuka examined nitrate deposition history from 1800 to 2020 in an ice core taken from southeastern Greenland. The results showed a gradual increase in nitrates up to the 1970s, followed by a slower decline after the 1990s. This trend mirrors the changes in emissions of nitrate precursors over the same period.

The study’s findings suggest that factors other than emission reductions are driving the persistence of atmospheric nitrates. The researchers used a global chemical transport model to investigate these factors and discovered that atmospheric acidity is the key culprit. As acidity levels rise, more nitrates become trapped in particulate form, enabling them to persist longer and travel farther.

The implications of this study are significant. Accurate measurements of particulate nitrates in ice cores provide valuable data for refining climate modeling predictions. Moreover, the findings suggest that atmospheric nitrates will soon replace sulfates as the primary aerosol in the Arctic, further amplifying warming in the region.

As Professor Iizuka notes, “Ours is the first study to present accurate information for records of particulate nitrates in ice cores.” The persistence of these pollutants highlights the importance of continued research into atmospheric chemistry and climate modeling. By understanding the complex interactions within our atmosphere, we can better predict and prepare for the challenges that lie ahead.

The air we breathe has long been a concern for public health, but a recent study by Emory University researchers sheds light on a specific and alarming link between air pollution and pregnancy risks. Published in Environmental Science & Technology, the research reveals that exposure to tiny particles in air pollution during pregnancy can disrupt maternal metabolism, leading to increased risk of various negative birth outcomes.

The study analyzed blood samples from 330 pregnant women in the Atlanta metropolitan area, providing a detailed insight into how ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) affects the metabolism of pregnant women and contributes to increased risks of preterm and early term births. This pioneering work marks the first time researchers have been able to investigate the specific fine particles responsible for these adverse outcomes.

“The link between air pollution and premature birth has been well established, but for the first time we were able to look at the detailed pathway and specific fine particles to identify how they are reflected in the increased risk of adverse birth outcomes,” says Donghai Liang, PhD, study lead author and associate professor of environmental health. “This is important because if we can figure out the ‘why’ and ‘how,’ then we can know better how to address it.”

Previous research has shown that pregnant women and fetuses are more vulnerable than other populations to exposure to PM2.5, which is emitted from combustion sources such as vehicle exhaust, industrial processes, and wildfires. This increased vulnerability is linked to a higher likelihood of preterm births, the leading cause of death globally among children under the age of five.

Preterm birth is associated with complications such as cerebral palsy, respiratory distress syndrome, and long-term noncommunicable disease risks. Early term births (37-39 weeks of gestation) are also linked to increased neonatal morbidity and developmental challenges. Approximately 10% of preterm births worldwide are attributable to PM2.5 exposure.

As an air pollution scientist, Liang emphasizes the importance of addressing this issue beyond simply asking people to move away from highly polluted areas. “From a clinical intervention standpoint, it’s critical to gain a better understanding on these pathways and molecules affected by pollution,” he says. “In the future, we may be able to target some of these molecules to develop effective strategies or clinical interventions that could help reduce these adverse health effects.”

This groundbreaking study highlights the urgent need for policymakers and healthcare providers to take action against air pollution, particularly in areas with high levels of PM2.5 exposure. By understanding the molecular link between air pollution and pregnancy risks, we can work towards developing targeted solutions to mitigate these negative outcomes and protect the health of future generations.