The detection of snake venom is a crucial step in treating life-threatening snake bites. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), every five minutes, 50 people are bitten by a snake worldwide, resulting in four permanent disabilities and one death. Traditional methods for diagnosing snake venom rely on antibodies, which have limitations such as high costs, lengthy procedures, and inconsistencies.

Researchers at the University of Warwick have made a groundbreaking discovery that could revolutionize snake venom detection. They have developed a glycopolymer-based ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) test to detect Western Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom. This new assay is a cheap and rapid alternative to antibody-based approaches, showcasing a version that specifically detects Crotalus atrox venom.

Dr. Alex Baker, lead researcher of the Baker Humanitarian Chemistry Group, explained that snake venoms are complex, making it challenging to detect toxins in the body. However, their research has produced an assay using synthetic sugars that mimic the natural sugar receptors targeted by venom proteins. The team engineered synthetic chains of sugar-like units (glycopolymers) attached to gold nanoparticles to amplify the response and make the reaction visible.

The Western Diamondback Rattlesnake venom binds to specific sugar molecules on red blood cells and platelets, disrupting blood clotting or interfering with immune responses leading to disability and death. The new assay changes color when venom toxins bind to the synthetic sugars, providing a rapid and cheap detection method beyond antibody-based techniques.

Mahdi Hezwani, first author of the research paper, emphasized that this assay could be a game-changer for snake envenomation. The team tested venom from other snake species, such as the Indian Cobra (Naja naja), and found that it did not interact with glycans in the body. This suggests that the new assay may have potential to distinguish between different snake venoms based on their sugar-binding properties.

This is the first example of a diagnosis test using sugars for detecting snake venom in a rapid detection system, building on the work of the Warwick research group using a glyconanoparticle platform in COVID-19 detection. The new assay is faster, cheaper, and easier to store, making it a more practical solution for treating snake bites.

The University of Warwick’s STEM Connect programme has enabled this innovative research, demonstrating the potential for bold and innovative solutions in addressing global health challenges.

The fascinating world of felines has long been a source of comfort and companionship for humans. With their unique social behavior, ability to live in groups, and effective communication with both other cats and humans, it’s no wonder that Felis catus has been our trusted friends for millennia. Despite this intimacy, however, there is still much that remains unknown about our feline companions.

A recent study conducted by researchers at the Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University aimed to fill this gap by investigating the genetic background of cats’ behavioral traits. Specifically, they sought to understand the association between traits like purring and variation in the androgen receptor gene. Although the exact function of purring remains unclear, previous studies have indicated that it is beneficial for feline communication and survival.

The research team conducted a comprehensive behavior assessment on 280 domestic cats, all of which were spayed or neutered mixed breeds kept in their owners’ homes. DNA samples were also collected and analyzed to compare the androgen receptor gene with that of other Felidae species. The results provided valuable insights into the genetic basis of purring and vocal communication in cats.

One of the key findings was that cats with the short-type androgen receptor gene displayed higher owner-assessed purring scores than those with long-type genes. Additionally, short-type males exhibited higher vocalization towards humans, indicating a connection between the gene and vocal communication. In contrast, female cats with the short-type gene showed higher stranger-directed aggression.

These results may also reveal a decrease in the importance of vocal communication for cats raised by humans since kittenhood, which are typically pure-breed cats. Previous studies have shown that pure-breed cats are more likely to carry the long-type gene than mixed-breed cats. Many mixed breed cats in this study were rescued former stray cats, which may imply that rescues tend to meow more.

The research team compared the androgen receptor genes of domestic cats with those of 11 other Felidae species and found that the leopard cat and the fishing cat, both closely related to domestic cats, possessed only the short-type. These findings suggest that the emergence of these longer types may be a result of genetic changes associated with domestication and selective breeding.

The implications of this research are significant, as it has the potential to help us predict behavioral tendencies based on genetic data and facilitate need-based observation and enhanced care. This could ultimately lead to improved animal welfare. The research team is planning to expand their focus to other Felidae species and hopes that through their work, they can deepen our understanding of cats and contribute to building happier relationships between cats and humans.

The study of isotopes has revolutionized our understanding of the natural world. By using these unique fingerprints, scientists can identify where and when something lived, what it ate, and even what the environment was like at that time. According to University of Cincinnati Professor Brooke Crowley, “Isotopic analysis is coming into its heyday.” This surge in research has led to a plethora of creative applications for isotopic analysis.

In Crowley’s Stable Isotope Ecology course, students are encouraged to come up with innovative questions and projects related to isotopic analysis. For instance, they might investigate whether shade-grown coffee or free-range chickens produce different isotopic signatures compared to their counterparts. One such study published in the journal Ecology and Evolution explored the impact of digestion on the ratios of isotopes.

The research team, led by UC graduate Maddie Greenwood, collected droppings and regurgitated pellets from captive Eurasian eagle owls and red-tailed hawks at the Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden. These birds subsist on a diet of frozen rats, which helps to break down bone in their digestive system. The researchers compared the ratios of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and strontium isotopes in the rats to those found in the bird poop and pellets.

The results were unexpected, with significant differences observed between the isotopic signatures of the rat bones and the owl pellets. This discovery has significant implications for scientists using rodent bones to establish what environmental conditions were like in the past or infer prey locations. The study warns researchers to exercise caution when using potentially digested bone for these purposes.

The lead author, Maddie Greenwood, highlights the importance of isotopic analysis in understanding the natural world. “This is incredibly rewarding… We figure out new ways to use this tool and new ways to make it helpful.” Crowley emphasizes that more work needs to be done to fully understand the impact of digestion on molecular analysis of owl pellets.

As scientists increasingly turn to isotopes in poop to study wild animals, this study serves as a reminder to consider the potential effects of digestion on their findings. By acknowledging these limitations, researchers can refine their methods and provide more accurate insights into the natural world.